Essay on Obsession in Frankenstein and Dr. Jekyll and Mr....

Obsession in Frankenstein and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hydenbsp;nbsp; Webster defines obsession to be Compulsive, often anxious preoccupation with a fixed idea or unwanted emotion.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Or, A compulsive, usually irrational idea or emotion.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; The strange thing about obsession is the absolute inability of the person, once obsessed, to understand their own actions in retrospect. Both Victor Frankenstien, of Marry Shelley’s Frankenstein, and Henry Jekyll, of Robert Louis Stevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde fit the criteria of one who is obsessed. With Victor Frankenstien, obsession came in the form of a lust for fame. Victor’s own word reflect his inability to understand or control his†¦show more content†¦In his own words, Jekyll had a certain impatient gaiety of disposition†¦ which he found hard to reconcile with (his) imperious desire to carry (his) head high, and wear a more than commonly grave countenance before the public.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Here was a man torn by his desire to be seen as a good and pure man, yet unable to control his desire to be bad.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Henry was obsessed with deviance and hated himself for it.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; He was so obsessed with the desire to indulge his darker side, that he was willing to die in an attempt to give free rein to his deviance.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Henry admits freely that he undertook the actions which lead to his end for pleasure sake alone.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; As with Victor Frankenstien, Henry Jekyll’s obsession led him to disaster.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; By the time he recognized the absurdity of his actions, he had already forfeit his identity; he had lost himself. What can I say about obsession?nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; As I stated in the beginning,Show MoreRelated Science Fiction Explored in Frankenstein, Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde and The Invisible Man2057 Words   |  9 PagesThe Legacy of Science Fiction Explored in Frankenstein, Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde and The Invisible Man Science Fiction is a branch of literature that explores the possibilities of human scientific advances, especially technological ones. Mary Shelleys Frankenstein (published in 1818) was a precursor of the genre which was established by Jules Vernes novels of the late 1800s. HG Wells at the turn of the twentieth century brought more scientific rigour in his works, such as The Time Machine

The Heart Of Reagan s Foreign Policy - 867 Words

When Ronald Reagan to the oath of office on January 20, 1981, he called upon Americans to â€Å"begin an era of national renewal.† In response to the serious problems facing the country, both foreign and domestic, he asserted his familiar campaign phrase: Government is not the solution to our problem, government is the problem. His dream was to make America the beacon of hope and freedom for those who do not have freedom. Reagan advanced domestic policies that featured a lessening of federal government responsibility in solving social problems, reducing restrictions on business, and implementing tax cuts. Internationally, Reagan demonstrated a fierce opposition to the spread of communism throughout the world and a strong distrust of the Soviet Union, which in 1983 he labeled an evil empire. The heart of Reagan s foreign policy was to prevent the expansion of communism and at the heart of communism was the Soviet Union. Reagan often referred to the Soviet Union as the â€Å"e vil empire.† Reagan believed that the United States should negotiate with the Soviet Union from a position of strength. The administration embarked on a modernization program which included the production of intercontinental missiles and the Strategic Defense Initiative. He increased military spending and forces, while holding negotiations with Mikhail Gorbachev- the General Secretary of the Soviet Union. After a number of meetings between Reagan and Gorbachev, the two men signed an IntermediateShow MoreRelatedPresident Ronald Reagan s Foreign Policy1147 Words   |  5 PagesReagan’s Foreign Policy Some may say, President Ronald Reagan was defined by his foreign policy. Some may also consider that he made difficult decisions during his presidency in America. Unfortunately, he also made many mistakes as a president. Some think that his foreign policy is one of the errors that he made. Even though he was an important factor in ending the Cold War, people on his foreign policy team ended up killing American soldiers. Historically, many considered that a person eitherRead More Ronald Reagan Administration Essay1308 Words   |  6 Pagesadministrations that were not trusted, America elected Ronald Reagan by a landslide margin of victory. At sixty-nine years old, he was the oldest President to be elected. He was born in a small town in Illinois and served two terms as California governor starting in 1966. Reagans track record proved to be very strong and included welfare cuts, decreasing the number of state employees, and halting radical student protesters. Like other GOP members, Reagan came into office promising to limit the power of governmentRead MoreRonald Reag As Government Expands, Liberty Contracts Essay1628 Words   |  7 PagesEthan Martin Martin 1 Mrs. Langerot English 4 October 14, 2015 Ronald Wilson Reagan â€Å"As government expands, liberty contracts(Ronald Reagan Quotes). Those who know anything about Modern Politics in the United States know that Ronald Reagan is the poster child and founder of today s Conservatism. Today s Conservatism is at its core a hybrid between the Conservatism of Theodore Roosevelt and that of the Libertarianism of Thomas Jefferson. Libertarians believe that theRead MoreThe Presidential Campaign : Ronald Reagan And President Jimmy Carter1667 Words   |  7 PagesPresidential Campaign was between Ronald Reagan and President Jimmy Carter. In this campaign several key issues were discussed. Reagan provided solutions for the armed forces, the Nuclear Arms Race, terrorism, the nation s economy, and urban policies. He used several tactics to wage a successful campaign. By appealing to Republican values, Reagan received the votes of many heartfelt Americans and is still admired by many to this day. One of the key issues Reagan brought up throughout his campaign wasRead MoreA Study on Conservative Resurgence1171 Words   |  5 Pagesexcesses, political instability and economic turmoil that the liberals of the late 1960s and early 1970s created, led to a resurgence in conservative thinking. Americans began to reject the complete dependence on the government, and the inefficiency and corruption associated with it, in favor of a more independent and politically conservative way of thinking. As a result, 1980 saw the election of Ronald Reagan, a hard-core conservative Republican as President of the United States. Reagans victoryRead MoreThe Iran Contra Affair1586 Words   |  7 PagesThe Iran Contra affair is historically defined as the â€Å"Reagan administration scandal that involved the sale of arms to Iran in exchange for its efforts to secure the release of hostages in Lebanon and the redirection of the proceeds of those sales to the Nicaraguan Contras.† As the Nicara guan counterrevolutionaries, known as the Contras, began their efforts to retaliate against the Socialist Sandinista Regime, American government forces stepped in to support the Contra cause in a hope to supportRead MoreRonald Reag Rough Draft Essay1552 Words   |  7 PagesRonald Reagan Rough Draft Intro. INTRODUCTION Imagine, being the President of the United States of America, you are in charge of everything in the nation, being responsible for the well-being of your country. And imagine being on the verge of nuclear war with the Soviet Union and only having six minutes to decide whether or not civilization as we know it could continue. This is the type of stress Ronald Reagan was under almost every day of his eight year presidency. EARLY LIFE Read MoreThe President Of The United States1611 Words   |  7 Pagespolitical party’s main candidate where they offer their views on running the country then citizens decide who should be the president of the United States. In 1984, President Ronald Reagan and Walter Mondale participated in their second debate against each other. Four panelists on the topic of defense and foreign policy issues would prompt the two candidates to certain issues of their concern. Some issues in the dispute that were discussed were over the Soviet Union, use of military force, and illegalRead MoreThe Great Communicator By Ronald Reagan1491 Words   |  6 PagesAs stated in an article from Newsmakers, Ronald Reagan was known as â€Å"the Great Communicator† because he was able to clearly speak to the public due to his unusual experiences before presidency (Newsmakers). Every president of the United States has a unique story, but Reagan possessed many remarkable characteristi cs. Today, many people recognize Reagan as a former president, but few know about the struggles he faced and his success before presidency; his political party transition, handling economicRead MoreA Biography Of President Ronald W. Reagan s Life1587 Words   |  7 Pagespolitical wisdom and collected nature, even in high pressure situations. Peggy Noonan, the author of this book, keeps a consistent praising tone for Reagan throughout the novel, and her love and appreciation for the man is obvious. Reagan went on to win the hearts of many Americans with his charming personality and undeniable charisma, qualities of Reagan that even some of his political adversaries have pointed out. Summary At the very beginning of the book, Noonan includes a quote by the distinguished

Chinese and Greek Mythology Free Essays

The Diverging Commonalities of Creation Myth’s Long ago, people wanted to acquire a better understanding of the beginning of the universe which ultimately resulted in the establishment of religions, beliefs and most pertinent, creation myths. Mythology provides explanations for the worlds mysteries especially in regards to the creation of Earth, Humans and the environment. This comparative paragraph analyzes the similarities and differences between a Greek myth entitled, The Beginning of Things, and a Chinese myth named, Heaven and Earth and Man, contrasted in the aspects of conflict, solutions, heroic action, and the education of the first humans. We will write a custom essay sample on Chinese and Greek Mythology or any similar topic only for you Order Now Conflicts arise for different concerns but after the battles cease, peace is restored because of supernatural intervention, the world advances and progresses to prevent future misfortune. Firstly, if peace is kept in the heavens of Greece then there will be less despair on Earth. The battle of authority results in a punishment system being enforced to confine cruel people and prevent rebellions. In ancient Greece there was a constant power struggle for the gods because of the underlying fear that their children would replace them in the chain of command. The text supports the argument of development and enhancement after unreasonable decisions are made by the deities; If any of them breaks the oath, for one year he lies breathless, and cannot partake of sweet nectar and ambrosia; after that year he is cut off from the meeting of the gods for nine years more, and then only may he come back and join their company. Rouse, 3) During the destruction of the battles, evil is unleashed and causes chaos in the land. The justice system, which is created in response to Cronuses’ rebellion, is essential for any society to continue successfully. There is heroic involvement in both myths, with Zeus in particular in Ancient Greece. Zeus defeated his father and saved his brothers and sisters after being swallowed and trapped in his stomach. Cronuses’ awful deed deserves punishment which results in Zeus creating the Underworld and a standard of the amount of time spent punished. In fact, the Chinese story also includes a quarrel, different in rationale but improvement after the disagreement is a prevalent theme in both. Subsequently, in respect to the Chinese myth, after the war between fire and water, the pillar was destroyed; Nu-Kua repaired the gaps in the sky by supporting the sky with additional blocks. The literature provides evidence to confirm this line of reasoning; Block by block, she patched the holes in the sky. Lastly, she killed a giant turtle, and cut off its powerful legs to make pillars between which the sky is firmly held over the Earth, never again to fall. Birch, 7) After chaos returns for the second time, when the elements fight against each other, involvement from spirits resolves the crisis and mitigates harm from humans. The irrational and aggressive clash between fire and water causes destruction but also provides reasoning for the position of the oceans and world geography. Apart from the similarities, there are many discrepancies c irculating around the topic of conflict. In the Greek myth, conflicts originate from the desire to establish power and authority by rebelling. First, Cronus rebelled against his father Uranus and Zeus against Cronus followed. The competition is caused because children inherit their parents’ position and both gods prevent this from happening by swallowing or imprisoning them. On the contrary, the Chinese dispute is against the elements fire and water. In Chinese mythology, fire is masculine and symbolizes strength, aggression, impulsiveness. Water is considered feminine and symbolizes fluidity, downward energy but has the potential to be noisy. The conflict is probably caused because the elements are opposites and naturally enemies. This clash of the elements is a result of senseless hostility and not a fight for control. The difference in culture is what causes the significant differences in myths. Evidently, in Greek mythology acquiring status and supremacy is valued whereas there isn’t a sense of hierarchy but instead teamwork in China. According to the Asian myth, the spirits all work together towards a common goal which is to enhance and protect the Earth. Another obvious commonality in relation to either conflict is the presence of a supreme being which triggers and assists the chain of events which form the World. The Greek mythology had many different supreme beings which were responsible for various forces on Earth. The Chinese version, only included two main beings, one which was the result of the environment and the other was the creator of the human race. Comparative mythology also requires examining the distinction between the ideas of how both cultures though the Earth was created. An indication of how diverse the culture and beliefs of people is demonstrated in the topic of the formation of Human beings and the surrounding eco-system. The creation of humans, wildlife and geographic landscapes varies with the idea of the Greek Gods sculpting most organisms hemselves whereas the Chinese believe Pan’Ku’s body transforms into the environment. The aspect of creation and the environment is portrayed very differently in both legends. The number of dissimilarities outweighs the number corresponding ideas surrounding the mystery of the beginning of the Universe and our existence. In ancient Greece, after a period of chaos and disagreement between the deities a clever titian named Prom etheus establishes the first human and provides luminosity and warmth in a world, swallowed by darkness after the sun sets. Prometheus sculpts animals and accidentally, the first human out of clay and began to teach them how to survive including hunting and making fire; Prometheus was very much pleased with his new pet. He used to watch men hunting for food and living in caves and holes, like ants or badgers. He determined to educate men as well as he could. (Rouse, 2) After rebelling by taking responsibility for the Earth underneath the heavens, Prometheus entertains himself by making models out of clay. Accidently, he creates humans and spent most of his time teaching humans how to continue to exist. Prometheus sculpts humans by accident whereas Nu’Kua from the Chinese myth wants to produce beings that will aid to cure her solitary state. To contrast, in the Chinese myth, the weather conditions, mountains, rivers and vegetation are all created by Pan’Ku’s body. Additionally, after humans are created by Nu’Kua, they are taught many vital skills in addition to simply the ability to survive; â€Å"Who in his life [Pan’Ku] had brought shape to the universe, by his death gave his body to make it rich and beautiful†¦ to the Earth he gave his body† (Birch, 6). In the Chinese story, the environment is not created by a specific spirit but instead transforms from a god into the surrounding nature and landscape. A further comparison against the Greek tale is the little explanation about how the land and plants are created except for the separation of sky and ground which reveals an already existing ecosystem. Moreover, the humans in the Chinese myth are taught how to communicate, reproduce and to live in peace. The humans in ancient Greece are never taught skills beyond survival. Finally, there is an evident variation for the reasons to assemble humans. Nu’Kua intends to create a creature that will provide her relief from isolation meanwhile Prometheus is only amusing himself and the first human emerges entirely unintentionally. Nevertheless, both fairy-tales have a couple of resembling principles. To begin with, humans are formed and educated by the deities. The first humans were taught to hunt, gather food, and construct shelter to avoid perishing as a species. The principal objective is to aid humans to continue to populate and the justification in both fables was that supernatural intervention maintained the evolution of such a powerful species. Magical clay was used in both myths as the main material in the production of creatures and human beings. The motive for why these two parables are so similar is to emphasize how there is an external influence which assisted the formation of humans because it is difficult to believe that simple resources could have conceived such complex living, breathing creatures. Additionally, as a society in the present day, education is a requirement and essential for the genetic continuity of the human race, peace and maintenance of the Earth’s resources. By the means of education can one’s potential be used to maximum extent. It is natural for the authors of these short fictitious stories to assume the hero’s and goddesses teach humans because then there will be no foundation to carry on the sharing of lessons and information. In conclusion, it is in the nature of humans to wonder about the unknown and search for answers. At the foundation of nearly every culture is a creation myth which explains how the wonderful mysteries of the Earth came to be. Despite geographical barriers, many cultures have developed creation myths with the same basic elements and structure. However, there are many cultural and societal influences which cause variations in the beliefs and alter the overall creation myth from region to region. Apart from the fundamental similarities, the Greek and Chinese ideologies deviated in certain aspects of the myth because their values and morals as separate countries have impacted, adapted and evolved differently in response to world events. How to cite Chinese and Greek Mythology, Essay examples

Julius Caesar - Conflicting Perspectives free essay sample

Every text is constructed for a purpose; the composer is trying to convey and embed their agenda into the reader by persuading them to accept their perspective on key events, personalities and/or situations. Through the manipulation of various textual forms, structures and language composers persuade their audience to adopt their perspective. Composers often decide to present conflicting perspectives to truly engage their audience. By demonstrating the concept of conflicting perspectives the composer is able to glorify their perspective in contrast to another to enforce their agenda, they position the audience through language to side with them. The tight narrative â€Å"Julius Caesar† by William Shakespeare’s utilises the final days of Caesar’s rule and assassination as the catalyst for exploring the nature of political power, conveying conflicting perspectives on imperial and republican rule. Shakespeare’s context shaped the meaning of this play as he exploits people’s fears at the time to connect with the audience. In contrast, Miranda Devine’s political article â€Å"Felled by an Invidious Green Plot† 19/8/10 (SMH) tells the â€Å"chilling story† about how â€Å"green activists† used political maneuvers to build the support of the public to tear down the timber company ‘Gunns’ and devastate the life of Chief Executive John Gay and the Tasmanian economy. She uses various textual techniques and includes a provocative cartoon at the top, as well as quotes from those supporting her views to convince the reader of her perspective. Devine, known for her conservative view on political and social issues, is deliberately bias against the Greens as she has gained vas wealth through exploiting the countries natural resources such as deforestation. By demonstrating the concept of conflicting perspectives both composers are able to shape meaning to convey their purpose through the choice of textual forms, structures and language. The concept of conflicting perspectives presents the audience choice and involves them in the depiction of the message of the text and the composer’s agenda. In Shakespeare’s renowned play Julius Caesar the concept of political power in ancient Rome, and how political tactics are often used to manipulate the public is explored. The concept of conflicting perspectives is created in the play by the characterisation of Brutus and Marc Antony. Their perspective of Caesar and whether he should rule directly clash, one rguing the side of imperial rule and the other republican rule and hence provide the central conflict throughout the play. At the time the play was composed, this concept was a real threat as the Roman Empire sought new rule following the recent death of the Queen, allowing Shakespeare to toy with the emotions of his audience. With an engaged audience and the manipulation of structures, language and textual forms Shakespeare is able to shape the meaning of the play. The construction of their speeches after Caesar’s death, arguing both personal and public reasons for their views, demonstrates their individual perspective and their attempts to convince their audience of their view. Brutus, â€Å"having to show the reason of our Caesars death†, argues from a political perspective, believing imperial rule is the best model. His opening lines â€Å"Romans, Countrymen, and Lovers, hear me for my cause† uses inclusive language to immediately build rapport. He agrees that Caesar was an honourable man â€Å"Brutus love to Caesar was no less than his†, yet his perspective and justification for assassinating him, is ultimately determined by his love for Rome, demonstrated through use of syntactical balance â€Å"Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more†, and is demonstrated through use of rhetorical questions â€Å"Had you rather Caesar were living and die all slaves, than that Caesar were dead, to live all free men? † which invites the audience to side with his opinion. Through Shakespeare’s use of patriotism in Brutus’ political speech, he is able to persuade not only the Plebeians but also the audience, demonstrating how language techniques are able to reinforce a particular perspective to shape meaning in a text. Putting Brutus’s speech first is a structural technique by Shakespeare to allow for rebuttal. Conflicting perspectives through the manipulation of language, textual forms and structure allows the composer to present two perspectives and give the audience choice in their depiction of the message of the play. The choice is ultimately determined by the context of the reader, which largely affects their interpretation of the text as they may have diverse experiences causing their depiction of the text to be altered. Marc Antony provides the conflict to Brutus’ speech, demonstrated through his passionate and melodramatic funeral oration, which provides a conflicting perspective on Caesar and the nature of his assassination. Antony walks on stage holding Caesars dead body, a dramatic device used by Shakespeare to heighten the effect of the speech. He scolds Brutus and the other senators, mocking, through use of sarcasm and repetition of their â€Å"honour† â€Å"For Brutus is an honourable man†. Antonys key tools at the beginning of his speech are his conspicuous ambiguity regarding Caesar and Brutus Yet Brutus says he was ambitious, and use of rhetorical questions Did this in Caesar seem ambitious? He challenges Brutus’ perspective that Caesar was too ambitious â€Å"I thrice presented him a kingly crown, which he did thrice refuse†, expressing his perspective that Caesar was unjustly assassinated, and through his emotive language â€Å"it was a grievous fault†, is able to convince the plebeians that Caesar was an honourable leader â€Å"Methinks there is much reason in his sayings†. The deliberate structure of the play with, with Brutus’ speech being first, slightly glorifies imperia l rule and gives the audience the impression that Shakespeare believes that imperialism is the best political model. The reaction of the crowd to both speeches indicates how political power can shift opinions of people through the power of language. Firstly Brutus has full support of the crowd â€Å"let him be Caesar†, but Antony’s speech convinces them of a different perspective â€Å"We’ll burn the house of Brutus†. Hence, through the use of juxtaposed dramatic speeches and language techniques, Shakespeare shapes the meaning of the play, engaging the audience, involving them in the process of deciding whether republicanism or imperialism is the ultimate model for the Roman Empire. The concept of conflicting perspectives can be a great tool to give the reader choice in the depiction of the text, however, this concept can also be utilised as a way to glorify one perspective in contrast to another. In the news article â€Å"Felled by an Invidious Green Plot† , Devine is similarly making a statement about the nature of political power, however, through use of an emotive tone, she presents a far more confronting and persuasive argument. Devine effectively manipulates the medium of the article, enabling her to provide a conflicting perspective to the Greens principles as portrayed in the media, while simultaneously not allowing a conflicting perspective to oppose her view. Devine’s argument is very political and one sided, and this is demonstrated very clearly through emotive language â€Å"fought a relentless campaign to†¦ destroy Gay† and rhetorical questions â€Å"Who is actually going to believe that environmental management is going to be better in Indonesia or Malaysia? †. This, through the concept of conflicting perspectives, forces the reader to undertake her opinion, making the purpose of the article to accept a perspective rather than giving the reader choice. She selects information and statistics to support her view, â€Å"He†¦transformed Gunns into a top 50 company with a market capitalisation of $900 million by 2003† and, similarly to Antony and Brutus speeches, uses emotive language to manipulate the readers to agree with her perspective â€Å"(John Gay) became a hero of the working class people of Tasmania†. As she is writing a newspaper article, it could be argued that she should provide a balanced perspective, however through portraying a positive image of John Gay, she offers the perspective that the Greens victimized him for their political gain, and Devine is able to shape her agenda in the text and through conflicting perspectives, purposely glorifying her perspective to embed her message of the article in the reader. Similar to Antony and Brutus, Miranda Devine has a clear political perspective, which is made clear to the reader through her closing paragraph â€Å"those†¦people planning to vote for the Greens on Saturday had better understand exactly what they are voting for†¦moving backwards into the dark ages†. The use of hyperbole to finish an obvious political statement reflects how the article only portrays her perspective, rather than balancing conflicting perspectives, in to convince her readers to undertake her perspective, shaping meaning through deliberate glorification. Through the exploration of textual forms, structures and language both composers, using the concept of conflicting perspectives, shape the meaning of their text.

Intro to Music Notes free essay sample

Listener Casual listeners are probably the most common type of listeners. So, what is a casual listener? This type of listener likes having music playing, filling the environment with sounds. Whether present as a background to drive, study, work, exercise, or hang out with friends, music is an accompaniment to the casual listener’s daily activities. Sometimes the music simply mask the sounds of a noisy street. The casual listener may be conscious of the sound or merely consider it part of the environment. In any case, this type of listener views music primarily as a mood enhancer or as pleasant part of the environment. The Referential Listener Sometimes music may remind people of past events, or it may bring to mind particular images, feelings, or situations. At times, these external references are so strong that the music is not really heard anymore; instead, the listener is caught up in the memories of the person, event, or feeling. We will write a custom essay sample on Intro to Music Notes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although it is undeniable that extra-musical connections or associations may be developed through listening, referential listeners tend to relate to music exclusively in that way. Composers are aware of the associative power of music and sometimes intentionally title their compositions to bring certain connections to mind. Music of this type may follow an explicit story or program, and is therefore known as program music. By contrast, music that is not associated with a particular story, image, object, or event is called absolute music. Regardless of the composer’s intent, those whose main connection with music is through memories of some sort are known as referential listeners. The Critical Listener A critical listeners primary motivation is to identify what is wrong with a erformance. For very scrupulous critical listeners, every detail of the performance must be perfect, including the accuracy of the notes. Such listeners may even demand perfection in live music, with anything short of perfection considered a poor performance. Holding music to high artistic and technical standards is not unreasonable. However, listeners ought to consider the differences between live performances and synthetic, perfected recordings that have been edited to eliminate mistakes. In live performances, mistakes occur. Performers miss notes, instruments go out of tune, and there are noises and distractions from the audience. Concentrating on technical perfection while ignoring other aspects of a musical performance may detract from the music, and it often keeps the listener from wholly enjoying the music and what it has to offer. Furthermore, the pieces purpose may not coincide with the critical listeners motivation. When a mother sings a lullaby to put a child to sleep, the quality of a performance must be judged not by musical standards, but on the basis of whether or not the song has put the child to sleep. It is not important if the mother does not sing every note perfectly so long as the other elements, such as hushed volume, steady speed (tempo), and a big dose of tenderness, are present. The Perceptive Listener The last listener type, the perceptive listener, combines the characteristics of the previous three types of listeners but is not limited by them. The perceptive listener: Like the casual listener, enjoys sound for sounds sake, but asks: What is it in the music that makes me feel this way? Is it the way the performer is interpreting the music? Is it because of the volume or speed at which it is played? Is it because it is sung, played by instruments, or because it has a good balance of unity and variety? Is it a combination of all these elements? If so, which combination is at work? Like the referential listener, may have associations with the music being heard, but also tries to remember: When and where the music was heard most recently. What other works from that composer or performer she knows. Like the critical listener, is aware of the quality of a performance but goes beyond the technical aspects to seek understanding and appreciation of the human and cultural values embodied in the music. Furthermore, the perceptive listener: Attends concerts regularly and listens with concentration. Uses appropriate musical vocabulary, not lay terms like â€Å"mellow† or â€Å"upbeat,† to describe music. Tries to develop an awareness of different musical styles and realizes that there are significant and valid differences among these styles. The perceptive listener is open to all kinds of music. Realizes that music is created for many different purposes and by many different kinds of people. Really tries to understand the music and what makes it interesting before passing judgment on it. Would never decide that she does not like a certain kind of music without having listened to it. Tries to learn something about the music before listening to a live or recorded performance of it. Is aware of the fact that a piece of music, regardless of style, might take some time to reveal its structure, meaning and beauty, and is therefore prepared to reserve judgment until she has heard it many times. Note Name Symbol Rest Equivalent Whole Whole note Whole rest Half Half note Half rest Quarter Quarter note Quarter rest Eighth Eighth note Eighth rest Sixteenth Sixteenth note Sixteenth rest Intervals The distance between two pitches is called an interval. As you know by now, pitches may be indicated by the position of a note on the staff or by a letter name (for example, A, G, or D). Another way of putting it is that an interval is the distance between two letter names. To find out the interval between two notes, count the number of letter names between the two of them. Make sure to include both notes in your count. For example, the interval from any note to its nearest neighbor (for example, C and D) is two. We call that a second. The interval between D and A would be a fifth. Why? Well, if you count D as note number 1 (remember, you include both letter names in the count), E would be 2, F would be 3, G would be 4, and finally, A would be 5. The interval between E and A includes four consecutive letter names, and is, therefore, a fourth. Intervals may be ascending (as in the previous example) or descending. Descending intervals are calculated exactly the same way as ascending ones. For example, the descending interval between A and F is a third. Here is the breakdown: count A as note 1. The next letter name counting down from A is G; G is note 2. Before G comes F, our destination, which is note 3. You have easily found that the descending interval between A and F is a third. Volume, also referred to as dynamics, is one of the most important aspects of sound. Composers use volume as a way of controlling the emotional content and shape of a piece. Therefore, it is interesting to note that composers generally did not mark their scores with instructions about volume until well into the 17th century. Instead, they depended on musicians to determine the appropriate levels of volume for a specific performance space. Developed Instruments Versus the Synthesizer The following table illustrates the main differences between a highly developed musical instrument (for example, the piano or violin) and the synthesizer. Developed instrumentSynthesizer Highly developed playing technique. Great diversity / inconsistency of playing techniques. Dependable relationship between performance gestures and the sound produced. Relationship between technique and sound varies considerably depending on how the synthesizer is programmed. Standard shape and construction. May have any shape, size, or controller interface. Controllers range from traditional keyboards to such innovative devices as the Spatial MIDI Controller. Certainly historys least standardized instrument in physical appearance. Characteristic sound (timbral palette) and sound ideal. Can make almost any sound. Associated repertoire with all its cultural implications. Virtually no standard repertoire. Shared terminology and teaching tradition. Terminology is confusing and inconsistent due to contradictory marketing practices of major manufacturers. Well-established conventions of use in standard ensembles. Use in ensembles is only beginning to emerge. Lets go back to the three criteria outlined at the beginning of this page. In terms of versatility, the synthesizer may be used in a variety different musical circumstances. However, when it comes to identity and development, the synthesizer falls short. There is no ideal sound that a synthesizer makes; moreover, there is no standard way to develop or play a synthesizer. Electronic Generation of Sound The synthesizer generates sounds electronically. As you know, to generate sound you need movement. Something has to vibrate. In the case of electronic instruments, this movement is the oscillation of electric current as it changes polarity from positive to negative. That is, it oscillates back and forth from positive to negative charges. Movement generates waves, and the timbre and volume of the sound you hear will depend on the shape of the wave, which is also called a waveform. It is difficult to explain this process without getting too technical, but lets give it a try. There are two basic ways of generating sounds electronically: by synthesis and by sampling. We are concerned mainly with synthesis, which refers to creating sounds electronically from previously-generated waveforms. How are these waveforms generated? Think of it as a chain of events. The first link in the chain is, as with any other musical instrument, a sound source. In the synthesizer, this sound source is an oscillator. The next links in the chain provide ways of manipulating the sound. This is done using different types of filters. The final link in the synthesis process is to amplify the loudness of the synthesized sound. This is accomplished through an amplifier.

Graffiti essays

Graffiti essays Chicano political activists began using graffiti to make statements. Chicanos used graffiti to tell about their history, their family unity, and their bicultural pride. Chicanos also used their graffiti to unify the Chicano community during the Chicano Movement. Eventually this led to architectural decoration, murals to remember the deceased, personal shout-outs and gangs territorial markings. This paper will discuss the elements of graffiti and how it is used today. It is unfortunate that graffiti should be dismissed as mere vandalism on par with tire slashing and window breaking, because for many young people who often exhibit considerable talent, graffiti constitutes an aesthetic discipline. Graffiti has existed in one form or another as long as writing. The earliest known cave paintings, dating from 20,000 years ago, seems to have more in common with modern graffiti than with writing because they were mostly drawings of their surroundings. When Henry Chalfant's documentary film, Style Wars, came out in 1985, graffiti, break dancing and rap music were all seen as elements of hip hop culture. It was in this context that it spread. A Chicago graffiti writer Orko said, We swallowed it as a whole package: breaking, rapping, DJing and graffiti together. We never split them apart." Orko goes so far as to claims that "Graffiti is the center of hip hop. That's why the best MCs were all graffiti writers: KRS-One, Rakim." Graffiti is a vivid and tangible urban artifact, signaling, at the very least, the writer's disrespect for the institution of private property and his/her willingness to take risks. There is a trend, especially in California, toward full-scale productions featuring elaborate scenes and characters, which are easier to appreciate. More often, a writer's mission seems to be able to find an honorable place in the cadre of writers, by writing the tag-name as often, in as many places, and as skillfully ...

A CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF THE LITERATURE EXPLORING NURSING MANAGMENT OF review - 1

A CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF THE EXPLORING NURSING MANAGMENT OF PATIENTS WITH PSYCHOSIS WHO ENGAGE WITH SUBSTANCE MISUSE WITHIN MENTAL HEALTH SETTING IN THE UNITED KINGDOM (UK) - Literature review Example A standard urine toxicology screen for controlled-substance abuse was negative. Â  Both the patient and family members denied any relevant history of medical or psychiatric disorders. Upon direct interviewing, the patient denied taking any prescription medications. When asked about over the counter medications, she admitted taking ibuprofen for occasional headaches, and stated that over the past three weeks she had been taking some Chinese herbal diet pills daily, that she had recently purchased over the internet, but could not remember exactly how many she had taken every day. She stated that the diet pills were recommended by a friend who was able to lose 27 pounds over a period of 8 weeks. She also noted that just a few days after initiating the diet pills she started feeling anxious and had difficulty falling sleep at night. The patient was started on risperidone 1 mg orally twice daily, was not permitted to take her herbal diet pills, and showed significant mental improvement o ver a period of just four days. The herbal diet pills she had been taking were subsequently identified as a brand that had previously been recognized as possibly containing a synthetic chemical stimulant. Herbal medicines are gaining increasing popularity as both dietary supplements and complementary remedies. They are generally perceived as safe and effective because of their presumed natural origin. However, common problems seriously affecting the integrity of herbal medicines include adulteration, contamination, lack of standardization and inappropriate or purposefully misleading labeling. Dietary supplements for weight control should be safe. However, prescription drugs have been found to be added to some herbal formulations in significant concentrations, which are then marketed as dietary supplements or natural nutritional products. One prominent example is sibutramine, a drug that is currently approved in the US for treating

Project Management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Project Management - Coursework Example It will also correlate the process with necessary stakeholder, risks, and Pestle analysis as strategic tools in understanding the market where the Firm is targeting its business operation. A Gannt Chart is provided to sequentially schedule the desired time frame for Firm’s activities. Introduction There is nothing significant for an organization but to see its operational system working systematically to achieve plans. The Firm needs to adopt a mechanism in hiring employees to safeguard its interest and to ascertain that its human resource will be performing their respective tasks in compliance and in contribution to the achievement to its corporate goals. The management, on the other hand, must provide strategic direction to its employees by comprehensively understanding the risks and developments in the market. Strategic planning will help the company leverage itself from competitors and from the odds of dynamic market. Purpose This paper will explicate the process of recrui ting and selecting employees for a firm to enable enjoyment of optimum performance and achievement of goals. It is also aimed at providing appropriate systematic framework for recruitment strategy to acquire quality workers that could perform tasks and roles (Walter, 2008). Scope The scope of this study is limited only to its application to the firm’s recruitment process for either fix or contractual position. Objective This paper aims to explicate the hiring and selection process as significant in human resource management for the Firm and to correlate the matter to Firm’s performance management using optimized business analyses and strategic management. Recruitment and selection process The recruitment process will include the following steps (Walter, 2008). a. Setting and crafting of hiring and recruitment policy by the human resource department in partnership with the management; b. The management must determine the rationale of the hiring; the job’s purpose , duties, and responsibilities. It must also discuss the relation of the job to the management using job analysis (Gan & Kleiner, 2005). c. determination of positions that will be publicized for hiring; d. Identifying strategic areas where information on hiring are posted, advertised or announced. The posted information must clearly indicate the position available; the requirements needed from applicants; the skills needed; and the exact location of the office (Walter, 2008). e. Set actual date of examination and interview; f. Those who academically or skillfully qualify will be subjected for training and coaching (Guest &Conway, 1997; Harrison, 1997; Salman, Arnesson, & Shukur, 2009). g. Signing of contract for hired employees. This is the logical process about how the recruitment and selection procedures be enforced. The hiring policy will be the legal basis in laying down the contractual relations and the terms of employment. It’s often assumed that this is in consonance t o existing labor policy of the location where business is in operation. The publication or advertisement is the process of popularizing the vacancy to gain attention from possible applicants. The management must have thoroughly evaluated the hiring using job analysis to determine the relation of employee to the management. The examination will test the analytical capacity of the applicants and the interview will also help

External Auditing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

External Auditing - Essay Example External auditors have played an important role in organisation. Even in corporation which have been spending a lot of money in their internal auditing system, some have been found to be seeking for the service of external auditors. Therefore there is a question that is being raised on this emerging trend in auditing and the role that is being played by the external auditors in corporate governance. This trend of seeking the service of external auditors has grown to be an issue in corporate governance stemming from the understanding of trust that shareholders have on the board and the auditing system of the organization. In many instances, it is the board which is trusted with the everyday running of the organization and therefore it is expected that this board should be trusted even with the results of the internal auditors. But the recent trend in corporate governance has shown that there is an increased preference of external auditors as the main auditor for corporation and the internal auditors have been reduced to plying the second role in helping the external auditors in their work. ... But is has also been realized that the use of the two system helps to ensure transparency in the auditing system and probably breaks a corruption chain that could be running in the corporation. 1.3 Why is it an issue now In the recent past, corporate governance has become a yardstick in attracting investors in a corporation. With the increased openness in running of corporations corporate governance is the most important aspect which determines how the shareholders have a say in the running of the organisation. The increasing globalisation is opening investment chances in the whole world and this has prompted increased need for openness in running of the corporations. This may be the main reason why organisation have preferred to use the services of external audits in order to show the degree of openness in the running of the organisation and therefore increase the chance of attracting more investors into the organization. 1.4 What could this research shed light on This research could give important information of the importance of using the service of the external auditors and the internal auditors in order to increase the level of transparency in the running of the organization. The research will shed light on the increased role that is being played by external auditors in corporate governance. Therefore it could explain the reason for increased preference of the service of external auditors in organizations. 2. Background The published financial statements have become an important tool for investors to make decision whether they are going to invest in an organization or not. The published financial statements are not only important to investors but also to creditors and other stakeholders who are interested in a corporation. They are important as

The Merger of LINKdotNET and Mobilink

The Merger of LINKdotNET and Mobilink On daily basis we face several problems and we take certain steps or decisions to resolve those problems. Some decisions are proved to be good and useful and some result in loss however, the skill of problem solving and decision making power improves with the passage of time. Similarly in organizations, management has to take several decisions to resolve different problems in order to have smooth functionality of daily operations and above all for a continuous stream of profits. There are different models available in the literature for resolving the problems and making the decisions. This document is aimed to understand the decision making and problem solving tools and techniques. In this document identification of the problem in a renowned organization operating in Pakistan is done and analysis of the decisions taken to resolve that problem is conducted. The models used for decision making in response to the problem faced by the organization are also discussed along with the limita tions and shortcomings of those models. In the end a personal evaluation is done that explored skills gained by me personally after completing this brief research study on a particular organization (Simon, 1956). Company Overview Mobilink Infinity and LINKdotNET Mobilink is the leading telecommunication service provider operating in Pakistan. It is subsidiary of Orascom Telecom that is an Egyptian company. Mobilink is serving Pakistani market since 1994 and as per the latest report from PTA (Pakistan Telecommunication Authority) Mobilink is a market leader with a market share of 31% (www.pta.gov.pk, 2010). Mobilink was only providing voice services to its customers before October 2008, when it launched Mobilink Infinity a WiMAX broadband service in one city Karachi. With high quality services and competitive pricing plans, Mobilink Infinity gained a subscriber base of more than 20,000 (www.mobilinkinfinity.com, 2010). Mobilink Infinity was being operated as a separate unit named Broad Band Unit. The major strength of the organization is its quality customer services which have set new benchmarks in Pakistan and set the new trends which were never practices before. Mobilinks broadband unit continued the same practice and delivered the service s with the same quality customer services, that is the reason that company was able to get a major market share just in one city (www.mobilinkinfinity.com, 2010). Another subsidiary of Orascom Telecom for providing broadband services in different countries is LINKdotNET. LINkdotNET commenced its operation in Pakistan by acquiring two already existing Internet Service Providers (ISPs) named as World Online (WOL) Telecom Limited and Dancom Online. LINKdotNET merged the resources of these two companies and by putting in more investment launched its operations officially on 02 February, 2008. LINKdotNET was offering its services in more than 130 cities in Pakistan and in two years this company raised its customer base up to 35,000. LINKdotNET provided services for both home and commercial users and was the second largest broadband service provider in Pakistan after PTCL (Pakistan Telecommunication Limited) (www.link.net.pk , 2010). The company got a tremendous response from the customers after its launch, but the poor management and lack of managerial skills the company failed to deliver the services as they promised. The result was that in the fi rst year of its operations the company gained a very bad reputation in the market and customers started to leave to the other service providers. However, in corporate sector LINKdotNET was still the major broadband service provider (www.link.net.pk , 2010). Background of the Problem To cater to the needs of the Broadband Internet market Orascom Telecom was operating two of its subsidiaries in Pakistan, one with the name of Mobilink Broadband Business Unit (BBU) which was mainly catering to the needs of WiMAX Internet users and was operating only in Karachi, and other was LINKdotNET with was operating in DSL, Dialup and Corporate Business Solutions for data and internet market with its operation in all major cities in Pakistan. Both of the companies were serving the same market, which was broadband internet market, to the users of same profile and almost same geographical regions. Both of the companies were independent and there was no coordination in any department, both of the companies had their separate departments, same target market and were treating each other as competitors, while both companies belonged to same parent company. This situation was causing different problems to the parent company such as confusion in the minds of consumer; high operational cost, and high marketing costs, diagram below will help understand the scenario of that time. Orascom Telecom Subsidiaries Source: (Author, 2010) Problem Identification By looking at the above diagram we it has been made clear the two companies were working in one market serving same kind of customer and with same organizational structure, at the time where competition was intense in the market, and due to increase in the operating costs and shrinking margins the profitability of the company was going down, and such structure was creating following problems for the organization. Presence of identical departments were creating increased human resource costs Marketing costs were high because of the separate marketing departments were targeting same customers and were virtually acting as competitors. Business operation costs were high because of separate network management, separate network procurement, and separate inventory management. Ambiguity in the mind of employees and consumers, who were confused about the status of both of subsidiaries, resulting in damage of brand in the eyes of customers. Managerial Decision Making Models Application In the below lines author will explore the current theories on different decision making models developed by management commentators and then author will explore the decision making process adopted by the management of Orascom Telecom, then this decision making process will be critically analyzed on managerial decision making models. Author will see which model was applies how the application of that model helped the management to make best possible decision regarding the problem identified earlier. Decision Making Models There are two decision making models that are widely used my managers in making their decision regarding their day to day business problems, one is rational decision making model and other is non-rationale decision making model (Bazerman Max, 1994). Rationale Model Rationale decision making is one the best known and most used approach, this model revolves around the thinking process and which is also called cognitive process, this model involves several steps which are explained below, there are several pros and cons of this model which are also described in below lines, this model focuses on problem solving where problem is already identified and clear in the minds of management (Bazerman Max, 1994). Rationale Decision Making Steps Source : (Author, 2010) As described in diagram above rationale decision making involves fives steps, the first step is to identify the problem, this step involves the careful analysis of the situation presented to the organization and then by this analysis the actual problem which is the cause of this situation is identified. Second step is to set the criteria for desired results required, this criteria is set to achieve the minimization of unwanted situation or elimination of them, this step is also called benchmarking of results (Gelatt, 1991). The thirds step is to find all possible solutions of the problem, this step involves the collection of all possible solutions to get rid of the current problem, this step is followed by the fourth step that is examining each of the decision option on the pre defined criteria of desired results. The final step is to identify the best possible solution to the problem and then apply that decision, and by doing this ration decision making process ends (John, 2001). Pros and Cons of Model This model supposes, before the application of the solution, that there is one best solution and hence adapts the perfectionist approach, more over critical evaluation of each and every option delays the decision making which some time cause the loses to business where external environment is turbulent (Graham, 1993). This model also take this assumption that every effect of every option can be predicted without having it tested in reality, and consequences and future implications of each decision related option are left on the discretion of decision maker (Simon, 1956). Rationale decision making requires the decision to be dependent upon the cognitive abilities and imagination of the decision maker, more over this model also require the extended time and information for the decision to be made (Bazerman Max, 1994). Non-Rationale Model Non-rationale models are the second widely used decision making models, in below lines author shall explore the main characteristics of these models. Non-Rationale Models Source: (Author, 2010) Satisficing Decision Making This is one the approaches adapted as non-rationale decision making, this approach aims for satisfying solution for the problem, rather than going for the most optimized approach, this approach is used when lengthy procedures of decision making like information needs, and evaluation of alternatives are to be avoided (Gelatt, 1991). Incremental Decision Making This decision making is required when problem at hand requires quick decision making, in this case managers make rather small responses to the problem and instead of completely eliminating it they reduce it to minimum level (John, 2001). Garbage-Can Decision Making This approach is used when the problem is clearly defined or the managers do not know what to do, this method uses trial and error approach and different solutions are tested on the basis of randomness, this approach is also used where there is emergency situation and management was not prepared to handle such situation (John, 2001). Approach Solution Employed by Orascom Telecom In below lines author will critically explore the decision making approach employed by Orascom Telecom the cater to the problem presented earlier, the problem faced by the organization was not urgent and turbulent in nature, rather its nature was more of strategic, for this kind of problem, rationale decision making is best to utilize, as the company had the time and information resources required to make such decision making, they logically opted for this and decision was made by using rationale decision making, in below lines we shall see that what decision was made how it was made by using said model. To explore this author will take step-by-step approach and will see that how each step was applied. Identification of Problem During the time in which both of the subsidiaries of Orascom Telecom were operating separately in the same market, management started to identify the problem that their profitability was decreasing due to increase in operating costs. At the same time the competition level in market was at its peak, prices were going down because of heavy competition and so was profit margins, the only way to increase or sustain profitability was to reduce costs. But Orascom Telecom was operating at redundant hierarchy by deploying two separate companies in the same market . In this scenario to sustain profitability was a challenge that management had face and to deal with they had no other option but to review their strategic business management in the broadband industry of Pakistan . Criteria Setting for Result Since Orascom Telecoms profitability was decreasing because of the high operating costs involved the criteria set for results was to increase profitability by reducing costs. Management had a clear understanding that business was growing at time as so was growing the market, but at the other hand competition was also increasing because of the entrance of new player in broadband internet market. So there was no chance of increasing profitability by increasing price and customer base. So the criteria set by the management to increase profitability by reducing costs was well justified and was based on rationality. List of Solutions At that time management of organization had two solutions to cater with this problem, the first one was to examine the profitability and operations of each of subsidiary and then close the operations of one subsidiary with less customer base and profitability. By doing this management can hand over one business to the other one and then get rid of unnecessary costs. The other solution that management was looking at to merge the operations of both of the subsidiaries and then form a new organization under the umbrella of their already well established GSM brand name Mobilink, since both the subsidiaries had same organizational structure and operational departments merger of both can be done without much disturbance in daily business operations. Examination of Each Solution Management of Orascom Telecom examined both of the solutions and their careful examination revealed following shortcomings and advantages of both of the solutions. The first which was to close the business of one unit and continue with the other one was not good for the overall image of the organization, this could have brought the negative messages for the consumer and could have hurt the brand image, the other short coming was the Mobilink BBU has the license of operating in WiMAX business and LINKdotNET had the license of operating in DSL and other high end technologies, and Orascom Telecom wanted to remain in both of the markets. So the closing of one operation would have resulted in loss of licenses and getting out of the business, however this solution could have reduced their operating costs and increase their profitability but with the above mentioned risks. Other solution which was merger of both of the unit into one consolidated unit was also expected to reduce costs by creating synergies and single operations at every department level by eliminating duel use of resources and duel costs, along with meeting the predefined selection criteria this solution also had certain benefits like merging both of the units and then re-launching operation with a big-bang was expected to bring a positive message to the potential customers that a large operator has merged their different operations and now they are in position to serve them even better. The other benefit that this solution could bring is the use of licenses of both of the subsidiaries and empowering the organization to use the full ground to play on. By employing this solution company could play in WiMAX market as well as DSL and other high end technology markets. Selection of Best Solution After the examination of the above mentioned solution choices, management decided to go for the second option and Mobilink BBU and LINKdotNET were merged for Mobilink Infinity in June 2009. After the merger, all relevant departments were merges and single point resources utilization and synergies with their GSM side of business were made possible, yes solution also resulted in layoffs but the number of employees losing jobs were less than the number could have been in case of selection of option one. Mobilink Infinity was launched to provide WiMAX and all other services that both of the organization were offering to both corporate and residential clients, that decision was able to achieve the desired results also came with the benefits of increased brand image, more clarity in employees and consumer perception of the company, so far it has been observed that companys business is growing and their profitability is increasing, and this decision is turning out to be successful one. Limitations of Process Employed Orascom Telecom employed the solution by opting for rationale decision making process, this decision turned out to be a successful decision but there are some limitations that needed to be taken care of and author have identified, by taking care of such limitations this decision could have been executed well and results could have been more fruitful, below author have discussed few limitations that are inherent in the decision (Bazerman Max, 1994). As rationale decision making is a lengthy process so it took a long time for management to complete this process, the evaluation of each option took more than a year and at the same time marketing of both subsidiaries were kept on hold, however the business didnt stop and they were selling to their customers but without marketing support (Gelatt, 1991). That time the competition in market was intense and there needed the full marketing support for any organization to win the market share, but the decision to hold all marketing activities for both of the subsidiaries and then taking one year to reach on any conclusion badly affected the business, the competition kept on building their brands, new comer were also aggressive that is why their business went down rapidly during the decision making process. Since this decision was made in the Egypt head quarters and same decision making process was in use to globally merge their broadband entities with their GSM entities, this factor also played its role in making this happen in a long time. The overall time taken by this decision was more than expected and suggested, that caused the business to miss some opportunities in the market that competition grabbed (Gelatt, 1991). Another shortcoming that author have observed with this methodology that this model is a step by step process and management cannot jump on to any other step without completing the previous one, even they know what is required and what is to be achieved and how it can be achieved they have to follow all the necessary procedures that again result in more time consuming. Since Orascom Telecom is a large organization, and they cannot afford their business to hold at any stage that is why they were unable to explore more options as solutions and only stick to two decision related options mentioned earlier, there could have been other option instead of closing and merging the business, but their evaluation stage would have cost them more loss in business that is why they were sticking to only two solutions to the defined problem (John, 2001). Another limitation with the model employed by Orascom Telecom was that this model does not support the creative decisions, since the result area is already defined and business managers are bounded with their rationality, they tend to seek and explore the decision that makes common sense and could be sold to management, to achieve the desired result of a problem there are always some run of the mill solution that pop-up in managers mind, and by following this rationale model, and in try to be rationale managers tend to ignore the creative ideas to problems that in one look may not make sense but after careful examination could have benefitted the organization more than the usual solutions(John, 2001). So there is a inherent limitation in rationale decision making model that is leads the manager to only stick to their rationale and make the decision that are acceptable in masses and ignore the creative options that come into mind, another reason of ignoring creative decision is that rationale model is already and lengthy process to follow and managers tend to stay away from creative process because such ideas would require them to evaluate and predict their implications, and this again will result in extended time taken in decision making and managers have the pressure to make the decision on time so that problem can be rectified in due time (Graham, 1993). How to Company Could Avoid Limitations As author mentioned above that decision making process took more than a year to get reached on, organization had to suffer their valuable opportunities that could have been exploited otherwise, and the solution to this limitation, in author point of view is that they should have employed the parallel analysis techniques, instead of deploying all the resources to one step at one time, they could have increased the number of managers working on the this problem and then ask them to parallel on each step, in this way the amount of time consumed in making decision could be reduced to few months. This could have also achieved by employing dedicated resources to this situation and realizing the fact the competitive environment in Pakistan in different from the competitive environment in Egypt and by using dedicated resources in Pakistan and by doing parallel analysis and execution of the process they could have achieved the desired results in minimum time(Graham, 1993). Another problem with the approach employed by the organization was to keep everything on hold for the period of decision making, while the external competitive environment was turbulent and competitive, their decision to hold all marketing activities for the period of transition was not effective, by doing this they lost the market opportunities and they position as leading telecom player was compromised. In order to avoid such situation they should have keep on giving marketing support to their products and by the time of reaching to any solution and actually launching the new entity formed they would have not missed the market (John, 2001). How this Module Affected My Decision Making Participation is this module has positively affected my problem solving and decision making abilities, as student of management and in daily life, on work or otherwise, we daily face different problems with different level of complexities, some problem are of critical nature and some are not that important, for some problems immediate decision making is required and for some problems we need a complex decision making for which time is also required, we also face the situations where we even dont know what the actual problem is, and all this happens on continues basis and in regular intervals. This module has transformed the way I used to look at the different situations, it has also taught me that there is a solution to every problem no matter how complex it may seem in first time, after going through this module I have learned that how a complex situation can be turned into a favorable situation by carefully analyzing it, how to find the actual problem by doing root cause analysis, and not to judge any situation on its face view. I have also learned that after finding the actual problem what approached that I can employee as road map to finding the solution to my problem, I have gone through various exercise that have taught me that how I can find solution and answer to various problem on my professional life and how I can use different decision making model on my working and then in my personal life. I have also came to know that which model of decision making and problem solving best suits the different situation, how to handle problems which are of immediate nature, how to solve problem which have long term affect, by going through this module I am confident on my decision making and problem solving abilities and I can use them in my professional and personal life. Conclusion This paper was aimed to explore the various decision making models and their applications by analyzing a real time problem case study that author have made on Pakistans leading telecom company Mobilink which is a subsidiary of one the largest telecom operators in the world Orascom Telecom. In this paper, author have examined real time problem which the organization had to face, while operating broadband industry of Pakistan and being a market leader they were running two of their subsidiaries with different names and operations but in the same market, and that dual operation was badly hitting their profitability. To cater to this problem organization then employed the rationale decision making model and after going through the process of decision making, they decided to merge the operations of both of the organization, later on author has examined the limitations in the study and then discussed the steps that can be taken to avoid such shortcomings. Later in this paper author have discussed that how participation in this module have affected his decision making and problem solving abilities and how author can use the knowledge and experience gained from this module in his personal and professional life.

Ray Carvers collection Where Im Calling From :: Ray Carver Essays

Ray Carver's collection "Where I'm Calling From" After reading more than a dozen of Ray Carver’s short stories from his collection Where I'm Calling From, I have to ask the question, "Where was Carver calling from?" On the surface, his stories seem very simple. They are about people with average jobs such as hotel managers, waitresses, salesmen, and secretaries, who live unsophisticated, mediocre lives. Below the surface, however, there is always more to be discovered if the reader is willing to put forth a little bit of effort. Carver obviously put a lot of thought into his stories. The least that we, as readers, can do is scratch the surface a little, or better yet, dig deep into his words to see what he is really trying to say to us. This is a task that is easier said than done. One story that does not seem quite as difficult as some others to interpret is "They’re Not Your Husband." Carver actually tells us quite a bit about Earl and Doreen if, once again, we are willing to look for the hidden clues. Earl is a salesman who is currently unemployed. He is looking for work, and he does find a sales job, but not a paying one. When he overhears two of his wife’s customers commenting on her "fat ass" (Magee), and saying, "Some jokers like their quim fat" (Carver 45), Earl realizes who his next sales pitch will be aimed at. Not wanting to be considered a joker, he decides to "sell" Doreen on the idea of losing weight (Magee). Using his sales tactics, Earl cautiously presents his "product" to Doreen. At first she is surprised because he has never brought up her weight before, but Earl is able to convince her that she should go on a diet without upsetting her. "‘All right,’ she said. I’ll try. For a few days I’ll give it a try. You’ve convinced me"’ (Carver 47). After hearing this, Earl replies, "I’m a closer" (Carver 47). Earl feels that he has successfully closed the deal but if we keep digging, we see something more. John Magee, in his article on "They’re Not Your Husband" for The Explicator, says, "Drop the c from 'closer’and 'loser’ emerges, which is what Earl is" (2). Earl is a loser because he thinks that the way his wife looks says something about him. He hopes that if he can successfully help Doreen begin to look better, he may start to feel better about himself.